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Editing: bsdlabel.8
.\" Copyright (c) 1987, 1988, 1991, 1993 .\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. .\" .\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by .\" Symmetric Computer Systems. .\" .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions .\" are met: .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. .\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors .\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software .\" without specific prior written permission. .\" .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND .\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE .\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE .\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL .\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS .\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) .\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT .\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY .\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF .\" SUCH DAMAGE. .\" .\" @(#)disklabel.8 8.2 (Berkeley) 4/19/94 .\" $FreeBSD$ .\" .Dd October 5, 2016 .Dt BSDLABEL 8 .Os .Sh NAME .Nm bsdlabel .Nd read and write BSD label .Sh SYNOPSIS .Nm .Op Fl A .Ar disk | Fl f Ar file .Nm .Fl w .Op Fl \&An .Op Fl B Op Fl b Ar boot .Op Fl m Ar machine .Ar disk | Fl f Ar file .Op Ar type .Nm .Fl e .Op Fl \&An .Op Fl B Op Fl b Ar boot .Op Fl m Ar machine .Ar disk | Fl f Ar file .Nm .Fl R .Op Fl \&An .Op Fl B Op Fl b Ar boot .Op Fl m Ar machine .Op Fl f .Ar disk | Fl f Ar file .Ar protofile .Sh DESCRIPTION The .Nm utility installs, examines or modifies the .Bx label on a disk partition, or on a file containing a partition image. In addition, .Nm can install bootstrap code. .Ss Disk Device Name When specifying the device (i.e., when the .Fl f option is not used), the .Pa /dev/ path prefix may be omitted; the .Nm utility will automatically prepend it. .Ss General Options The .Fl A option enables processing of the historical parts of the .Bx label. If the option is not given, suitable values are set for these fields. .Pp The .Fl f option tells .Nm that the program will operate on a file instead of a disk partition. .Pp The .Fl n option stops the .Nm program right before the disk would have been modified, and displays the result instead of writing it. .Pp The .Fl m Ar machine argument forces .Nm to use a layout suitable for a different architecture. Current valid values are .Cm i386 and .Cm amd64 . If this option is omitted, .Nm will use a layout suitable for the current machine. .Ss Reading the Disk Label To examine the label on a disk drive, use the form .Pp .Nm .Op Fl A .Op Fl m Ar machine .Ar disk .Pp .Ar disk represents the disk in question, and may be in the form .Pa da0 or .Pa /dev/da0 . It will display the partition layout. .Ss Writing a Standard Label To write a standard label, use the form .Pp .Nm .Fl w .Op Fl \&An .Op Fl m Ar machine .Ar disk .Op Ar type .Pp If the drive .Ar type is specified, the entry of that name in the .Xr disktab 5 file is used; otherwise, or if the type is specified as 'auto', a default layout is used. .Ss Editing an Existing Disk Label To edit an existing disk label, use the form .Pp .Nm .Fl e .Op Fl \&An .Op Fl m Ar machine .Ar disk .Pp This command opens the disk label in the default editor, and when the editor exits, the label is validated and if OK written to disk. .Ss Restoring a Disk Label From a File To restore a disk label from a file, use the form .Pp .Nm .Fl R .Op Fl \&An .Op Fl m Ar machine .Ar disk protofile .Pp The .Nm utility is capable of restoring a disk label that was previously saved in a file in .Tn ASCII format. The prototype file used to create the label should be in the same format as that produced when reading or editing a label. Comments are delimited by .Ql # and newline. .Ss Installing Bootstraps If the .Fl B option is specified, bootstrap code will be read from the file .Pa /boot/boot and written to the disk. The .Fl b Ar boot option allows a different file to be used. .Sh FILES .Bl -tag -width ".Pa /etc/disktab" -compact .It Pa /boot/boot Default boot image. .It Pa /etc/disktab Disk description file. .El .Sh SAVED FILE FORMAT The .Nm utility uses an .Tn ASCII version of the label when examining, editing, or restoring a disk label. The format is: .Bd -literal -offset 4n 8 partitions: # size offset fstype [fsize bsize bps/cpg] a: 81920 16 4.2BSD 2048 16384 5128 b: 1091994 81936 swap c: 1173930 0 unused 0 0 # "raw" part, don't edit .Ed .Pp If the .Fl A option is specified, the format is: .Bd -literal -offset 4n # /dev/da1c: type: SCSI disk: da0s1 label: flags: bytes/sector: 512 sectors/track: 51 tracks/cylinder: 19 sectors/cylinder: 969 cylinders: 1211 sectors/unit: 1173930 rpm: 3600 interleave: 1 trackskew: 0 cylinderskew: 0 headswitch: 0 # milliseconds track-to-track seek: 0 # milliseconds drivedata: 0 8 partitions: # size offset fstype [fsize bsize bps/cpg] a: 81920 16 4.2BSD 1024 8192 16 b: 160000 81936 swap c: 1173930 0 unused 0 0 # "raw" part, don't edit .Ed .Pp Lines starting with a .Ql # mark are comments. .Pp The partition table can have up to 8 entries. It contains the following information: .Bl -tag -width indent .It Ar # The partition identifier is a single letter in the range .Ql a to .Ql h . By convention, partition .Ql c is reserved to describe the entire disk. .It Ar size The size of the partition in sectors, .Cm K (kilobytes - 1024), .Cm M (megabytes - 1024*1024), .Cm G (gigabytes - 1024*1024*1024), .Cm % (percentage of free space .Em after removing any fixed-size partitions other than partition .Ql c ) , or .Cm * (all remaining free space .Em after fixed-size and percentage partitions). For partition .Ql c , a size of .Cm * indicates the entire disk. Lowercase versions of suffixes .Cm K , M , and .Cm G are allowed. Size and suffix should be specified without any spaces between them. .Pp Example: 2097152, 1G, 1024M and 1048576K are all the same size (assuming 512-byte sectors). .It Ar offset The offset of the start of the partition from the beginning of the drive in sectors, or .Cm * to have .Nm calculate the correct offset to use (the end of the previous partition plus one, ignoring partition .Ql c ) . For partition .Ql c , .Cm * will be interpreted as an offset of 0. The first partition should start at offset 16, because the first 16 sectors are reserved for metadata. .It Ar fstype Describes the purpose of the partition. The above example shows all currently used partition types. For .Tn UFS file systems and .Xr ccd 4 partitions, use type .Cm 4.2BSD . For Vinum drives, use type .Cm vinum . Other common types are .Cm swap and .Cm unused . By convention, partition .Ql c represents the entire slice and should be of type .Cm unused , though .Nm does not enforce this convention. The .Nm utility also knows about a number of other partition types, none of which are in current use. (See the definitions starting with .Dv FS_UNUSED in .In sys/disklabel.h for more details.) .It Ar fsize For .Cm 4.2BSD file systems only, the fragment size; see .Xr newfs 8 . .It Ar bsize For .Cm 4.2BSD file systems only, the block size; see .Xr newfs 8 . .It Ar bps/cpg For .Cm 4.2BSD file systems, the number of cylinders in a cylinder group; see .Xr newfs 8 . .El .Sh EXAMPLES Display the label for the first slice of the .Pa da0 disk, as obtained via .Pa /dev/da0s1 : .Pp .Dl "bsdlabel da0s1" .Pp Save the in-core label for .Pa da0s1 into the file .Pa savedlabel . This file can be used with the .Fl R option to restore the label at a later date: .Pp .Dl "bsdlabel da0s1 > savedlabel" .Pp Create a label for .Pa da0s1 : .Pp .Dl "bsdlabel -w /dev/da0s1" .Pp Read the label for .Pa da0s1 , edit it, and install the result: .Pp .Dl "bsdlabel -e da0s1" .Pp Read the on-disk label for .Pa da0s1 , edit it, and display what the new label would be (in sectors). It does .Em not install the new label either in-core or on-disk: .Pp .Dl "bsdlabel -e -n da0s1" .Pp Write a default label on .Pa da0s1 . Use another .Nm Fl e command to edit the partitioning and file system information: .Pp .Dl "bsdlabel -w da0s1" .Pp Restore the on-disk and in-core label for .Pa da0s1 from information in .Pa savedlabel : .Pp .Dl "bsdlabel -R da0s1 savedlabel" .Pp Display what the label would be for .Pa da0s1 using the partition layout in .Pa label_layout . This is useful for determining how much space would be allotted for various partitions with a labeling scheme using .Cm % Ns -based or .Cm * partition sizes: .Pp .Dl "bsdlabel -R -n da0s1 label_layout" .Pp Install a new bootstrap on .Pa da0s1 . The boot code comes from .Pa /boot/boot : .Pp .Dl "bsdlabel -B da0s1" .Pp Install a new label and bootstrap. The bootstrap code comes from the file .Pa newboot in the current working directory: .Pp .Dl "bsdlabel -w -B -b newboot /dev/da0s1" .Pp Completely wipe any prior information on the disk, creating a new bootable disk with a .Tn DOS partition table containing one slice, covering the whole disk. Initialize the label on this slice, then edit it. The .Xr dd 1 commands are optional, but may be necessary for some .Tn BIOS Ns es to properly recognize the disk: .Bd -literal -offset indent dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/da0 bs=512 count=32 gpart create -s MBR da0 gpart add -t freebsd da0 gpart set -a active -i 1 da0 gpart bootcode -b /boot/mbr da0 dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/da0s1 bs=512 count=32 bsdlabel -w -B da0s1 bsdlabel -e da0s1 .Ed .Pp This is an example disk label that uses some of the new partition size types such as .Cm % , M , G , and .Cm * , which could be used as a source file for .Dq Li "bsdlabel -R ada0s1 new_label_file" : .Bd -literal -offset 4n # /dev/ada0s1: 8 partitions: # size offset fstype [fsize bsize bps/cpg] a: 400M 16 4.2BSD 4096 16384 75 # (Cyl. 0 - 812*) b: 1G * swap c: * * unused e: 204800 * 4.2BSD f: 5g * 4.2BSD g: * * 4.2BSD .Ed .Sh DIAGNOSTICS The kernel device drivers will not allow the size of a disk partition to be decreased or the offset of a partition to be changed while it is open. .Sh COMPATIBILITY Due to the use of an .Vt uint32_t to store the number of sectors, .Bx labels are restricted to a maximum of 2^32-1 sectors. This usually means 2TB of disk space. Larger disks should be partitioned using another method such as .Xr gpart 8 . .Pp The various .Bx Ns s all use slightly different versions of .Bx labels and are not generally compatible. .Sh SEE ALSO .Xr ccd 4 , .Xr geom 4 , .Xr md 4 , .Xr disktab 5 , .Xr boot0cfg 8 , .Xr gpart 8 , .Xr newfs 8 .Sh HISTORY The .Nm disklabel utility appeared in .Bx 4.3 Tahoe .
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